Canterbury Tales Character Analysis - 1988 Words

The Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer, is a collection of tales and prologues of stories told by many characters whilst on a pilgrimage to the city of Canterbury. From religious figures such as nuns, monks and pardoners; to doctors, cooks and millers, this pilgrimage embarked on by many interesting people with stories that range from inspiring to gruesome. A few of the most predominant stories include those of the Prioress, the Summoner, the Wife of Bath, the Miller, and the Reeve. In these tales, Chaucer uses motifs such as karma, greed, religion, and social division in attempts to tie together stories that are seemingly all unrelated. It is also clear after reading each tale that common human interactions stated in these stories,†¦show more content†¦The answer itself, â€Å"A woman wants the self-same sovereignty†¦ her husband†¦he must not be above her.† (p.286) proves the possible reasoning behind why the Queen wished to override the King’s or ders. It is then said, â€Å"Maid, wife and widow cried, â€Å"He’s saved his life!†Ã¢â‚¬  (p.286); followed with the old woman’s exclamation to the Queen that the Knight received his answer from her. These series of events shows the complete oblivion to the severity of the rape case, that both men and women easily overlooked the Knight’s wrongdoings. Chaucer uses irony, in the sense that he is conveying the idea that women want power equal or over men, yet are in a way contradicting their demands by aiding a rapist. The tale seems to make more sense as we read on, where the old woman scolds the Knight for judging her based on her age and wealth, â€Å"You’re old, and so abominably plain, so poor to start with, so low-bred to follow;† (p.288) seeming that the woman’s status and suitability as a good wife is an accurate representation of her worth. This is a theme implemented by Chaucer, where a women’s worth is determined, by both men and women, by how well they can please a man; this then essentially becomes one of, if not the most important goal in life. Chaucer also applies serious conflict to this tale, whether in the fact that we cannot understand the role of women and power dynamics, or the idea that the Knight is not only saved, but rewarded at the endShow MoreRelatedCanterbury Tales Character An alysis981 Words   |  4 PagesUpon first reading of the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, the reoccurring theme of social status is not blatantly obvious. Upon further reading, however, it becomes apparent that it in fact plays large role in most of the aspects of the tales. In both the Wife of Bath’s Tale and the Nun’s Priest Tale, social status plays a role in the plot, characters, and themes in order to more effectively portray the messages Chaucer is trying to get across. The underlying theme addressing social statusRead MoreCanterbury Tales Character Analysis997 Words   |  4 Pageslanguage of the common people (Morrison). The Wife’s knowledge of the three languages grants her access to the forms of power that patriarchy denies to women, establishing her character as an authoritative female through the authentication of English as a literary language. In the dissertation â€Å"Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales: Rhetoric and Gender in Marriage,† Andrea Marcotte analyzes Chaucer’s usage of ethos to grant the Wife authority in her male-dominated culture. Marcotte argues that the WifeRead MoreCanterbury Tales Character Analysis1334 Words   |  6 PagesThe Canterbury Tales is a written work, by Geoffrey Chaucer, that is a representation of the society he lived in. His work portrays the feudal system during the medieval times and how each level of livelihood was a character, whose personalities reflect how Chaucer and his culture view them. During his time, his society regarded the Christian Church as corrupt and manipulative, with a few clergy who are honest and genuine in their exertion. Therefore, the ecclesiastical persona has the dispositionsRead MoreCanterbury Tales Character Analysis1272 Words   |  6 PagesThe Canterbury Tales, penned by Geoffrey Chaucer gives its audiences insight on the corruption that e xists to this day in humanity. As you read through the chapters Chaucer reveals the dark sides to supposedly respectable people such as the Summoner, along with people he favors like the Knight, the Wife of Bath, and women in general. His comical descriptions and stories that coincide with each character express his thoughts on real people in his society. My perception of the Summoner’s tale moralRead MoreCanterbury Tales Character Analysis1457 Words   |  6 Pages The Canterbury Tales introduces a group of very interesting characters from different walks of life. These characters can fall into different groups, and these groups show society was divided up in the 14th century. The descriptions of these characters give an idea on how these groups worked. How were people ranked in social status? Were certain people more corrupt than others? Which characteristics caused the people to be sorted into the group they are in? These questions are answered by the differentRead More Character Analysis of The Wife of Bath of Chaucers Canterbury Tales1623 Words   |  7 Pages Character Analysis of The Wife of Bath of Chaucers Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales is Geoffrey Chaucers greatest and most memorable work. In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer uses a fictitious pilgrimage [to Canterbury] as a framing device for a number of stories (Norton 79). In The General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer describes in detail the pilgrims he meets in the inn on their way to Canterbury. Chaucer is the author, but also a character and the narrator, and acts likeRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales : An Analysis Of Medieval Life By Geoffrey Chaucer939 Words   |  4 PagesCanterbury Tales: An Analysis of Medieval Life by Geoffrey Chaucer The Canterbury Tales is strongly considered one of the greatest works in medieval literature. An admirer of Chaucer, and the author of Chaucer and the Fifteenth Century, H.S. Bennett describes Chaucer’s unique style as, â€Å"No detail was too small for him to observe, and from it he could frequently draw, or suggest, conclusions which would have escaped many.† While The Canterbury Tales was originally intended to be an epic poemRead MoreThe Caterbury Tales, Carmina Burana and The Book of Taliesin722 Words   |  3 PagesChaucer’s Canterbury Tales, to the legendary king and war-hero Arthur of Camelot. The Christian Church was the single most influential institution in society, with the pope taking on a role as the leader of European Christendom and education and intellectual life mostly happening through religious institutions. Through the analysis of compositions written during the Middle Ages, it is observable that significant events influenced the page s of these notable works such as Canterbury Tales, Carmina BuranaRead More Summary and Analysis of The Shipmans Tale (The Canterbury Tales)928 Words   |  4 PagesSummary and Analysis of The Shipmans Tale (The Canterbury Tales) Introduction to the Shipmans Tale: The Host asks the priest to tell a tale, but the Shipman interrupts, insisting that he will tell the next tale. He says that he will not tell a tale of physics or law or philosophy, but rather a more modest story. The Shipmans Tale: A merchant at St. Denis foolishly took a desirable woman for a wife who drained his income by demanding clothes and other fine array to make her appearRead More Analysis of The Canons Yeomans Tale Essay762 Words   |  4 PagesSummary and Analysis of The Canons Yeomans Tale (The Canterbury Tales) Prologue to the Canons Yeomans Tale: When the story of Saint Cecilia was finished and the company continued on their journey, they came across two men. One of them was clad all in black and had been traveling quickly on their horses; the narrator believes that he must be a canon (an alchemist). The Canons Yeoman said that they wished to join the company on their journey, for they had heard of their tales. The Host asked

Book Report On Lions Gate Entertainments Trailer For The...

Krysta Zerance Professor Montgomery CRTW 201 November 5, 2014 Paper Two Lions Gate Entertainments trailer for the latest installment in author Suzanne Collins Hunger Games book trilogy adaptation The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_Tsj_wTJkQ) was made with a wide array of types of people in mind. As the third film in a series of four, the target audience are those, aged thirteen to eighteen years old, who have already seen the previous films or read the books. However, entertainment companies like Lions Gate want their work to reach out to as many people as possible, therefore Lions Gate is also trying to pull in a new audience. The Hunger Games was geared to be a success from the beginning, with Publisher Weekly reporting over 800,000 copies being sold within two years of the book s release and 750,000 copies of the sequel Catching Fire being sold within its first year (Roback). I will use the importance and breadth of what was included in the trailer and to argue that the Hunger Games franchise is successf ul because the films invoke senses of sacrifice, love, and identity, things anyone can understand, and not simply because it is another fad. The Hunger Games franchise consists of four films based off of three books. With the previous film, Catching Fire, being the highest-grossing film in the United States of America in 2013 as reported by the Hollywood Reporter, it is widely perceived will be just as, if not more, successful

Music in the Baroque Period free essay sample

Many people dont know that true music started long before this. The art of classical music; and music for musics sake. There once was a time when music was only played for the church and nothing else, no concerts to go to, or no time to lust listen to It to enjoy It. In the baroque period there came a time of change for music, and music was now being played for musics sake. When someone talks about the baroque period many people think of the architecture from that period, but even more important than that is the music they came from this period. Baroques definition Is bizarre, but when talking about the music exuberant would be a much better translation. During this period many composers started to experiment with form, styles and Instruments. The biggest part of music in this period was the exploration of form. We will write a custom essay sample on Music in the Baroque Period or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Baroque music can be seen as highly ornate, very textured and intense music. There are a number of defining characteristics of music in this period; one is the basso continuo, which is music that is played by one or more bass instruments and a keyboard Instrument.Another characteristic Is the doctrine of affections, which allowed composers to express emotions and feelings In their compositions. This help lead to the emphasis on contrast of volume, Like crescendos and decrescendos; texture in the music, like staccato for sharp notes; and then the pace of the music, hey started using things like adagio for slower, and presto, meaning faster. One of the well known composers of this time is Antonio Vivaldi. Antonio is mainly known for his Four Seasons, and the Opus 3, but he also wrote many works which sound Like exercises for students.And this Is exactly what they were. Vivaldi was employed for most of his working life as violin teacher and composer by the Spelled Della Pieta, which was an orphanage. Vivaldi also had a great interest in the Opera. As far as his theatrical activities were considered the end of 1 71 6 was a high point for Vivaldi. In November, he managed to have the Spelled Della Pieta reform his first great oratorio, Judith Triumphant devices Holiness barbaric. This work was an enlightening description of the victory of the Venetians (the Christians) over the Turks (the barbarians) In August 1716.In 1720 Vivaldi staged new operas written by himself In the Theatre Santa Angelo, a theatre In Venice. The notation of Baroque melodic lines tended to assume that composers would write out only the basic framework, and that performers would embellish this framework by elaborating on it. But on the other well known composers of this time Johann Sebastian Bach was regarded at the time as being on one extreme end of the picture, notating most or all of the details of his melodic lines-?particularly in his is argued to be one of the best composers of all time.Bach is widely known for his improvisation at the keyboard. His inner personal drive to display his musical achievements was evident in a number of ways. The most obvious was his successful striving to become the leading virtuoso and improviser of the day on the organ. Bach Nas an amazing composer and has changed the way many people see music. The Baroque was a time of a great arts were paintings saw the works of Vermeer, and El Greece in literature it was the time of Milton, and Racine modern science came into its own during this period with the work of Galileo and Newton.But what saw the most was music, with the works of some of the bests like Antonio Vivaldi and Johann Sebastian Bach. This was the time when you were able to listen to music Just for the sake of music and many new ways came about of music, with tempos, sounds, texture and many more. Also the art of Opera really began, and Antonio Vivaldi had many successful operas that he was able to compose. To this day many people dont member these legends in our history of music, but the few who do really appreciate it for what its worth.

Musical Dependence free essay sample

Since birth, I have been addicted to one drug: music- strange arrays of chords and notes that release dopamine inside our brains. I thrive off the Beatles, inject myself with the Beach Boys, and crave intriguing new sounds. This stimulant has its withdrawals; I often have songs rattling inside my skull and a deep desire to hear the latest tunes. I have spent the past six years cultivating my love and obsession of music into the exquisite art of mixing. I take my favorite songs and gently lay them next to each other on one track, then fuse them together into one coherent form. This recreation is not simply for my personal satisfaction; I have played some of my songs for little children with issues such as Audio Processing Disorder so that they may regain full hearing. In addition to these free shows, I have put up an assortment of my songs for download online, with all proceeds going directly to charities such as Sound Seekers and Rhythmix. We will write a custom essay sample on Musical Dependence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I try to follow the words of Mark Twain: â€Å"Kindness is the language which the deaf can hear and the blind can see.† Sound is such an integral piece of my life that I cannot imagine existence deprived of it, so that is why I create chords for the aurally disabled.

Free Essays on Instant Messanger

Today’s society is a great deal different from 5 years ago, Technology, more and more is becoming a vital asset in our everyday lives. Some have become so dependent upon their computer, that without which they feel lost and unable to communicate with others. Instant messaging has become a very beneficial and convenient form of communication worldwide. There is no doubt that the Internet has changed the way we communicate. For many of us, e-mail has virtually replaced traditional letters and even telephone calls as the choice for correspondence. Every day, billions of e-mail messages are sent out. E-mail has been the most rapidly adopted form of communication ever known. In less than two decades, it has gone from obscurity to mainstream dominance. (HowStuffWorks.com) In our fast-paced world, sometimes even the rapid response of e-mail is not fast enough. A computer user have no way of knowing if the person who is receiving the e-mail to is online at that particular moment or not. Also, if one is sending multiple e-mails back and forth with the same person, you normally have to click through a few steps to read, reply and send the e-mail. This is why instant messaging (IM) has gained popularity. Instant messaging is a form of communication, which is carried out through constant messages sent back and forth from one member to another. Instant messaging allows one to maintain a list of people they wish to interact with. A person can send messages to any of the people in your list, often called a buddy list or contact list, as long as that person is online. Sending a message opens up a small window where the sender and receiver can type in messages that both of you can see. (Earthlink) Instant messaging allows you to quickly exchange messages with your online friends. Unlike email, instant messages appear as soon as they're sent. At many of times it is inexpensive and easy to work. Rather than a simple few digits on a phone, ... Free Essays on Instant Messanger Free Essays on Instant Messanger Today’s society is a great deal different from 5 years ago, Technology, more and more is becoming a vital asset in our everyday lives. Some have become so dependent upon their computer, that without which they feel lost and unable to communicate with others. Instant messaging has become a very beneficial and convenient form of communication worldwide. There is no doubt that the Internet has changed the way we communicate. For many of us, e-mail has virtually replaced traditional letters and even telephone calls as the choice for correspondence. Every day, billions of e-mail messages are sent out. E-mail has been the most rapidly adopted form of communication ever known. In less than two decades, it has gone from obscurity to mainstream dominance. (HowStuffWorks.com) In our fast-paced world, sometimes even the rapid response of e-mail is not fast enough. A computer user have no way of knowing if the person who is receiving the e-mail to is online at that particular moment or not. Also, if one is sending multiple e-mails back and forth with the same person, you normally have to click through a few steps to read, reply and send the e-mail. This is why instant messaging (IM) has gained popularity. Instant messaging is a form of communication, which is carried out through constant messages sent back and forth from one member to another. Instant messaging allows one to maintain a list of people they wish to interact with. A person can send messages to any of the people in your list, often called a buddy list or contact list, as long as that person is online. Sending a message opens up a small window where the sender and receiver can type in messages that both of you can see. (Earthlink) Instant messaging allows you to quickly exchange messages with your online friends. Unlike email, instant messages appear as soon as they're sent. At many of times it is inexpensive and easy to work. Rather than a simple few digits on a phone, ...

How to Make a Smoke Bomb With Ping Pong Balls

How to Make a Smoke Bomb With Ping Pong Balls Its easy to make a smoke bomb! You dont even need any fancy chemicals, like potassium nitrate or ammonium nitrate. Heres how to use a ping pong ball to make a smoke bomb.   Ping Pong Smoke Bomb Materials Each ping pong ball makes one smoke bomb. You will need: ping pong ballaluminum foilpencillighter Assemble the Smoke Bomb Start by poking a hole in one side of a ping pong ball.Keep working at the hole until its large enough to insert the pencil into it. Put the pencil in the ping pong ball.Wrap aluminum foil around the ball and the pencil. Dont completely cover the pencil. What youre doing is making a nozzle for the smoke, so work an inch or two up the pencil.Remove the pencil. The ball plus foil is your finished smoke bomb!Take the smoke bomb outside and use a lighter flame to heat the foil on the bottom of the ping pong ball until smoke starts to come out of the nozzle. Set the smoke bomb on the ground and enjoy the show! How a Ping Pong Smoke Bomb Works You may not have realized it, but ping pong balls are made of nitrocellulose the same chemical used to make flash paper and the one that causes old movie reels to burst into flame. Ping pong balls are stable, though, and wont burn unless a heat source is applied. You may wish to burn a ping pong ball to see whats happening inside the smoke bomb: How To Burn a Ping Pong Ball (safely) If you burn a ping pong ball in the open, it produces some smoke, but not as much as youll get if you cover the ball to control the amount of oxygen and thus the rate of combustion. Making a spout or nozzle to control the incoming air and outgoing smoke also improves the smoke bomb. Disclaimer: Please be advised that the content provided by our website is for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. Fireworks and the chemicals contained within them are dangerous and should always be handled with care and used with common sense. By using this website you acknowledge that ThoughtCo., its parent About, Inc. (a/k/a Dotdash), and IAC/InterActive Corp. shall have no liability for any damages, injuries, or other legal matters caused by your use of fireworks or the knowledge or application of the information on this website. The providers of this content specifically do not condone using fireworks for disruptive, unsafe, illegal, or destructive purposes. You are responsible for following all applicable laws before using or applying the information provided on this website.

Video games and its positive effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Video games and its positive effects - Essay Example A lot of research has been conducted in this regard and there exists useful information from psychologists that point to the relationship between video games and intelligence. According to Carmel et al. (2009), video games are a great avenue for learning and developing skills and expertise as individuals commit their time in the play. Scholars from different fields have recognized video games as being very beneficial to players. In as much as the video games have negative effects on the players, there are a wide range of positive effects that people can get from playing these games. This essay will seek to address the positive impact of video games on individuals in terms of their intelligence and social interaction among other benefits. Renowned psychologist Shawn Green from the University of Wisconsin supported the claim that video games are in fact useful in brain development of players, thereby improving their intelligence (Green, & Bavelier, 2004). He acknowledges that the video games alter the physical structure of one’s brain in as much as reading and learning to play a piano does to an individual. He compares the effect of a combination of concentration and the rewarding surges of neurotransmitters such as dopamine to the brain to the effect that physical body exercise has on building muscles (Olthouse, 2009). Video games help to strengthen the neural circuits which lead to brain development among the video game players. Video games help to enhance a wide range of skills among the players, which in turn improves the intelligence of the players (Green, & Bavelier, 2004). Some of the skills developed by video games include the aspect of following instructions, problem solving skills and logic, hand-eye coordination, fine motor and spatial skills, multi tasking, quick thinking and decision making, strategy and anticipation, estimating skills, memory and concentration, situation awareness among other skills. Video games are enjoyable to play as well as being addictive and the players play the games in order to become victorious over the opponents or to successfully complete missions in a specific game. This requires good decision making, strategizing and concentration on the part of the players. The video games enhance the ability of the players in following instructions. The games require players to perform various things in order to achieve specific goals in the game. By following these instructions, the players get to develop their intelligence in terms of following instructions whenever they want to complete a task or achieve certain objectives. The players, through coming up with strategies to complete their missions and achieve their objectives in the game, they learn how to develop their problem solving skills and development of logic (Green, & Bavelier, 2004). Games such as Angry Birds and The Incredible Machine are very great in developing problem solving skills since they require players to solve some challenging task s in the game. Other games, such as the shooting games, help to develop the players’ hand-eye coordination. In the shooting games, the character can be engaged in both shooting and running and the player needs to ensure both are done simultaneously in order to be successful in the mission. This process also requires great coordination between the players’ hands and eyes as they play. This in turn works on developing the mental skills of the players. Research has shown that

Important Moment in My Life from the Viewpoint of Others Essay

Important Moment in My Life from the Viewpoint of Others - Essay Example Clarity of thoughts entails mastery of the language that will be used in writing. A grammatically correct piece can easily convey its message. That piece of writing should not lose its focus and aim for its target audience's heart. I had a fair share of memorable experiences since childhood. I cannot forget the first time I went up on stage to receive my academic award on first grade. As I grew older, the wrong decisions I made also left a mark in my life because of the lessons I learned from it. I can enumerate a number of occurrences that I consider important; but, to my family and friends, the most important event that ever happened to me is my affiliation with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). IRS is one of the largest financial institutions in the world. Since 1987 to date, I am an enrolled agent of IRS. When I moved to San Diego, I got interested with a promising career of becoming an Enrolled Agent (EA) of IRS. Although I love writing, I am more fascinated with numbers. Hence, I took the EA examination. It was quite difficult because I had to study and master the information from hundreds of different IRS publications that contains thousands of pages. Yet, I passed the exam in just one take. My tax practice began in October 1987. ... I earned a good reputation within the community and the government sectors. I agree with my family and friends that my business achievement is the most important moment in my life, so far. I enjoy great benefits from this profession and it also enables me to spend quality time with my family and friends. I may not be an employee of IRS, but the ten reasons given on the question 'Why it is rewarding to work with IRS' are agreeable (Internal Revenue Service [IRS], 2007). Among the reasons that fit my experience is that IRS has continuously given me the opportunity to improve my skills. In my two decades as an enrolled agent, I have been to a number of IRS-sponsored seminars to upgrade my knowledge on US Tax Law and improve my expertise. Being an enrolled agent has further developed my sense of responsibility for important work. This career has enabled me to ensure that American nationals are aware of their responsibilities with the State and pay their taxes religiously and honestly. I must admit, this line of business is coupled with a lot of temptations. Some of my friends asked me if I ever gave in to the tempting power of money. Indeed, a number of non-compliant taxpayers would offer a large amount of money just to alter the entry in their tax returns. I had a battle with my personal code of conduct. But the fight with my inner-self quickly vanished as my principle prevailed. In a way, the United States Internal Revenue Service has enriched my values. Among these values are integrity to uphold the highest standards of honesty, reliability and honor; accuracy in ensuring precise and thorough work products; respect for every peoples' cultural difference and ideas; and, professionalism in achieving excellence (IRS, 2007). Somehow, I am glad that my family and

First Chapter of Lord of the Flies Essay Example for Free

First Chapter of Lord of the Flies Essay The first chapter of Lord Of the Flies introduces Ralph at the very start roaming the jungle. This contributes to the mysteriousness of the literature. Not telling you where he came from or why he is there makes the story enticing and entertaining. The author was adding to the rising action. The setting in the very beginning was the Jungle. After Ralph walks for a small amount of time, a voice calls out to him asking for help, and to wait up. This is another way to make the story seem mysterious. He learns it is a boy with the nickname Piggy. Piggy joins Ralph and they walk to a lagoon. There they find a conch shell and Ralph blows through the conch which then calls on an large amount of boys. The author most likely added this to make another curve to the story. To show how much about the place Ralph and Piggy didn’t know. When the large group arrived, a boy named Jack Merridew asked where the ship was, and where an adult was. This showed how ignorant Ralph was because he had no clue what the conch sound meant to the people that were already there. Then Johnny and the twins Sam and Eric arrived along with many other younger and older boys. They talk as if they all have an education which shows they were also put here, not born here. The dialog seems modern and easily understandable, which shows that the setting is more recent than historical. Ralph is voted leader and commands that they explore to see if where they are is an island. Accompanying Ralph is Simon and Jack. Piggy is left behind to log names, which upsets him. The reason the author wrote about the exploration is to show the others don’t know where they are either. Throughout the venture, the boys are faced with a series of things in their path. They push a boulder off a cliff. The author most likely added this to show they weren’t hopelessly stranded on the island. The end of the chapter the boys realized they were hungry. They searched for food and found a pig, in the grips of the ‘creepers’. The author didn’t explain what the creepers were and it made it much more elusive. Jack fails to stab the pig quick enough and he made up excuses as to why he couldn’t. It shows that he isn’t nearly as tough as he lead on to be. He slams his knife into the tree to show he is in fact still the alpha male. The first chapter left many unanswered questions.

Henery Ford Essay -- essays research papers

Henry Ford was a genius in many aspects of our everyday life. He changed industry, production, and everybody's lifestyle. Many people know about him inventing some of the first automobiles, but what came out of it for America was a new encouragement for technology and an easier lifestyle for the average American replacing the popular railroad system. Also Henry Ford has changed the perspective of industries around the world. His invention of the assembly line and his five-dollar a day wage for the average worker brought about a total new change in factories. Ford's style and ingenuity helped America to be more prosperous and created a large amount of opulence for America in the early 1900's, all because of one man's creativity and determination to achieve a dream that would help out the common man and the entire world. Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863, on a farm a few miles from Detroit. As a boy Henry was very creative and liked to work with tools. However, he hated doing chores and he always wanted to make things easier to do in life. This would be Henry's motto in life, always wanted to make things easier to do in life, at home or work. Ford was so creative that in 1893, he built his first engine and in 1896, he completed what he called the quadricycle, which ran for several years and sold it for $200. Ford had his second car finished in 1898 which was lighter and stronger than most cars around then. Soon enough many automobile companies were looking for somebody like Ford to help get their company going. However, Ford would go into automobile racing and then build his own car company. Ford's years in automobile racing was his way to improve the car and a chance to test it under competition. Soon though, he would get out of racing by a tough minded and ambitious James Couzens, who developed plans for a car company. Couzens was able to start out the company with $28,000 in cash, and $21,000 in notes. The Ford Motor Company came out with the model A, the model B, and the model K in their beginning years. However, most of these cars were too expensive for the common man. So Ford decided that he would make a car that was affordable to the ordinary worker. For a few years, Ford and his technicians began building their next and most important car in history. In 1908, Ford brought out for the first time the Model T. It was an ugly car, seven feet high w... ... narrowly defeated. In 1936 he and his son Edsel established the Ford Foundation, to which they bequeathed much of the company's stock. Henry Ford became a victim of his own success in that he clung to the Model T too long, refusing to recognize that its popularity was fading, and consequently lost first place in the automobile industry to General Motors in 1926. He had turned the presidency of the Ford Motor Company over to Edsel in 1919 but never gave Edsel effective authority. Edsel struggled vainly against this situation, and the frustrations of his position undoubtedly contributed to his death at the age of 50. Edsel's oldest son was released from the navy and made an executive vice-president. Unlike his father, who had not been allowed to go to college, Henry II attended Yale University. Henry Ford II recruited talent from outside the company and effected a sweeping reorganization. The company secured firm control of second place in the American automobile industry. In the 1960s it expanded into electronics and astronautics by purchasing the Philco Corporation, and Henry Ford II was regarded as an industrial statesman. He retired from his top company posts in 1979 and 1980.

Google vs Microsoft

In today’s society many people are using the internet more and more to shop online, handle business transactions and surf the web for what interests them. Microsoft and Google are known to many people as internet giants. The two companies compete for business in the internet world by offering similar online business services. Microsoft also offers an array of computer products to consumers and businesses such as Windows 7, Microsoft office and MSN. Google’s main focus of business is its search engine that many people use today to surf the internet. This paper will compare and contrast Microsoft’s and Google’s business model, financial management system and explain which company could better withstand a major recession and at the same time, compare their financial ratios and decide which two companies that would be better to invest in. Microsoft was started in 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen who developed an interpreter for basics programming language systems that has contributed to Microsoft’s being so successful. Microsoft is one of the largest technology companies in the world which specializes in developing and licensing computer software products such as Windows 7, Microsoft office, MSN and Bing. Microsoft’s management team is led by chief executive officer Steve Ballmer who also serves on the executive board, chairman Bill Gates, seven directors, and one chief financial officer which are all non-executive board members. The company has been known for its leadership style through its founder Bill Gates for donating money to many charities and helping the poor. Microsoft is also said to be an innovator for the new-age workplace where work is made to be comfortable, fun and inspiring so that all employees can enjoy doing their work and like to spend their time there as well. Bill Gates did not even finish college but his work ethics are being taught in schools through the world. Microsoft has an excellent track record for innovation because it keep coming up with new technology and devices every year (Datamonitor, a, 2011). On the other hand, Microsoft is in competition with Google and other internet companies over the use of internet search engines. Google was founded in 1998 by two Stanford University graduate students, Sergey Brin and Larry Page. Google is an international technology firm that is concentrated on improving the way people get their information from the internet. Google has three core businesses search, advertisements, and applications. The search engine powered by Google provides information for millions of users every day. It must be determined that information reported to the Google search engine is beneficial to the user; a set of criteria has been developed to serve this purpose. A common method of determining the usefulness of the page for the user is searching the document for keywords. Keywords must be entered to search on Google, and the documents are scanned to determine how often they appear. The more keywords a document has tends to indicate its usefulness to the user. Another evaluating principle for reporting useful pages is the ranking for the page and quality of the site. Websites receive rankings which reflect quality, relevance, and accuracy. Websites who have high rankings and numerous keywords are reported to the user first. This method of obtaining information allows the user to access vital information in a matter of seconds. Search advertisements are used to further assist users, and to offer Google’s main products and services and provide valuable and relevant information for people who use the search engines for answers they seek. Google search engine is like Microsoft’s Bing search engine. Google also sells their product and services in more than 100 languages throughout the world. Google’s management team is led by a chairman Eric Schmidt, a chief executive Larry Page, a director of special projects Sergey Brin which are all executive board members. They also have six directors that are non-executive board members. The company is a leader in that they provide people with valuable information. At the same time, however, Google is a slow innovator in its search engine technology. For example, its search engine has not shown major innovation despite the quality of Google’s searching technology that is absolutely dominating. However, as search engine technology advanced in the past decade the technological gap between Google and Microsoft has decreased more and more as we see with Bing (Datamonitor, b, 2011). On the other hand, by using the financial ratio I believe that Microsoft would benefit more and be able to survive a major economic recession. Microsoft has five divisions within their organization such as Windows & Windows 7, Microsoft business, online services, server and tools, entertainment and devices. According to Datamonitor, a , â€Å"The company’s product under this division include Microsoft Office, Microsoft SharePoint; Microsoft Exchange Server; and Microsoft Dynamics ERP and CRM as well as Microsoft Office Web Apps, which are the online companions to Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote† (2011, p. ). This shows that Microsoft has many divisions and products that they can offer to consumers, businesses and investors. This also shows that Microsoft would be better suited to withstand a major recession due to the many products they have to offer unlike Google which only has search engines and advertising to depend on. Therefore as seen in the financia l ratio Google has not made any money nor did it lose any money. Microsoft on the other hand, has made money due to the many products it has to offer. Subsequently, the profitability ratio can tell us a lot about Microsoft and Google performance. The profitability ratio can tell us what each company’s revenue and losses were for the year. It can also tell us about both companies operating budget, debts, stocks, and investments. According to Microsoft’s annual report, â€Å"Windows Division revenue reflected relative performance in PC market segments. We estimated that sales of PC’s to businesses grew approximately 11% this year and sales of PC’s to consumers declined approximately 1%† (2011, p. 50). This demonstrates that by using the profitability ratio Microsoft was able to calculate their gains and losses for the year in the sale of PC’s. This also shows that by using the profitability ratio Microsoft was able to project their sales of PC’s to other businesses. Therefore if someone wanted to invest company like Microsoft they should use the profitability ratio to determine a company’s return on assets and equity to see if it is a good investment. As we can see PC’s sales to businesses grew 11% while consumers PC’s sales weakened by 1% so an investor should put their money in business PC’s. After seeing the profitability ratio of both companies Microsoft would be the company to invest in because they payout more money and make more money per share and to each stockholder. One can agree that Microsoft has done well over the years by them recognizing and using the knowledge base and technological base has been an asset for the company. Microsoft is one of the best companies when it comes to software and programming. Microsoft over the years has realized that their competitors can have an impact on market changes and with this knowledge it has allowed Microsoft to make the required decisions in the market place. The issues and concerns that Microsoft and other organizations face are technology changes and competition. Technology today has surpassed the technology of yesterday. Yet, Microsoft has shown that they can meet these challenges in various areas by meeting these issues and concerns head on. Microsoft oftentimes has restructured some of their well-known operating systems, programs and software to keep up with the changing times. Recently, they have launched Bing and Windows 7. According to Microsoft annual report: Online Services Division (OSD) develops and markets information and content designed to help people simplify tasks and make more informed decisions online, and that help advertisers connect with audiences. OSD offerings include Bing, MSN ad Center, and advertiser tools. Bing and MSN generate revenue through the sale of search and display advertising generally accounts for nearly all of OSD’s annual revenue. (2011, p. 54) This demonstrates that Microsoft would be a great company to invest in because they offer many different products that makes a lot of money. This also demonstrates that Microsoft has seen an increase in revenue due to the fact that they invested in Bing and MSN. Therefore one should also consider the return on current ratio and the dividend payout ratio before making a decision on investing in the company. On the other hand one should also look at the investment valuation before making an investment decision. Investors need to be aware that before they invest in a company such as Microsoft that the likelihood of the problems when it comes to investing occur with large corporations where there is a higher degree of the separation of ownership and management, and thus perhaps an occurrence of a conflict of the goals of the managers and the goals of the shareholders. Aside from doing research on the company itself, doing an evaluation of stock can also prove to be useful. Knowing if stock is overpriced can tip you off, in that you then need to find out why it is overpriced. For example, is the stock overpriced because investors sincerely believe that the stock is good and has potential, or is the stock price high because of current economic conditions. Knowing the answer to such questions will help individuals as investors make better and more informed decisions. According to Google’s annual report: Strategic, financial and execution isks and exposures associated with our business strategy, product innovation and sales road map policy matters, significant litigation and regulatory exposures, and other current matters that may present material risk to our financial performance, operations, infrastructure, plans, prospects or reputation, acquisition and divestitures. (2011, p. 16) This explains that investing in large corporations can be ris ky and, this also explains that you should look, at a company’s investment valuation before investing. The reason why this is so important is because people can lose their money and if they did their homework by using the investment valuation they would see where their money is going and if they are making a wise decision when they invest into a company. In conclusion, Google and Microsoft’s are the world’s most powerful technology organizations that have proven it is possible to excel in the corporate world. The software and programming that Microsoft’s sells is the same product that has proven to be a useful tool for the company. Allocating costs and investing in new technology and recognizing competition including recognizing revenues gain and loss has also proven to be an asset for Microsoft. Google and Microsoft recognize and realize the potential of technology in the ever changing world of business. Google and Microsoft have met the challenges and changes of today’s society. As for Microsoft achieving its goals, the belief is that it has surpassed those goals and is constantly revising technology and products to meet them and new ones in a timely manner. Therefore, making it a company that investors want to invest in. Microsoft, financial aspects has allowed me to decide that it is one of the best companies, to invest in today. While Google on the other hand, must find better innovative techniques so it can gain more capital so that investors want to invest in the company. At the same time Google must keep up with other competitors such as Microsoft so that the company does not be left behind in the future from other competitors stealing their clients. References Datamonitor: (2011 a). Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved from Business Source Complete. Datamonitor: (2011 b). Google Inc. Retrieved from Business Source Complete. Google Annual Report (2011). Retrieved from http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1htm Microsoft Annual Report (2011). Retrieved from www.microsoft.com/investor Appendix

Annotated Bibliography on Teen Pregnancy

Annotated Bibliography on Teen Pregnancy B. T HCS/465 October 23, 2011 Annotated Bibliography on Teen Pregnancy Clinical Digest. (2009). Aggression is a predictor of rapid repeat teen pregnancy: pubertal onset age and conflict management key considerations in prevention strategies. Nursing Standard, 23(24), [16]. Retrieved from http://www. cinahl. com/cgi-bin/refsvc? jid= 530&accno=2010217733 This article provides data from actual interviews with teens that have has rapid repeat pregnancies within 24 months of the last pregnancy experienced and those individuals who did not. The study shows significant differences in aggression behaviors and how recognizing these behaviors early on could help prevent teen rapid repeat pregnancies in the future. This is a peer-reviewed article and was researched by clicking the peer-review box during the search process. Kelly, L. , Sheeder, J. , & Stevens-Simon, C. (2004). Teen Home Pregnancy Test Takers: more Worried or more wishful? Pediatrics, 113(3 Part 1), 581-584. Retrieved from http:// www. cinahl. com/cgi-bin/refsvc? jid=783&accno=2005077833 This article provides insight from a study of teens that used home pregnancy Tests. Were these individuals more concerned with contraception mishaps? or the affects that child rearing would have on their futures? The study included 340 individuals who were racially and ethnically diverse who were sought out because of visiting three different teen clinics for various reasons. The reasons included pregnancy testing, sexually transmitted disease testing, obtaining contraceptives and general health visits. This is a peer-reviewed article and was researched by clicking the peer-review box during the search process. McKay, A. , & Barrett, M. 2010). Trends in teen pregnancy rates from 1996-2006: a comparison of Canada, Sweden, U. S. A. , and England/Wales. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 19(1-2), 43-52. Retrieved from http://www. cinahl. com/cgi-bin/refsvc? jid=1558&accno= 2010691048 This article provides statistical data concerning teen pregnancy and abortion rates covering a ten year time period. Research concerning teen pregnancy and abortion is important t o understanding socioeconomic factors and trends in teen sexual and reproductive health. Trends have decreased in teen pregnancy meaning ither a stronger support system for teens to encourage control over sexual activity is available or there is an increase in contraceptive usage. This is a peer- reviewed article and was found by clicking the peer-review box during the search process. Medoff, M. (2010). The Impact of State Abortion Policies on Teen Pregnancy Rates. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 177-189. Retrieved from http://dx. doi. org. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/10. 1007/s11205-009-9495-9 This article provides research from state-level data for the years of 1982, 1992, nd 2000 concerning teen pregnancy rates, abortion rates, and new laws and policies affecting the pricing of abortions and how these new laws and policies are deterring unwanted pregnancies. This is a peer-reviewed article and was found by clicking the peer-review box during the search process. Monahan, D. J. (2002). Teen pregnancy prevention outcomes: Implications for social work practice. Families in Society, 83(4), 431-431-439. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/230165951? accountid=35812 This article provides detailed information concerning study group demographics, nowledge and dating behaviors, and adolescent attitudes and how these details affect teen pregnancy and intervention programs. Are prevention programs helping decrease the amount of teen pregnancy seen each year? What are these programs offering teens to help them make more beneficial life choices? This is a peer-reviewed article and was found by clicking the peer-review box during the search process. Sen, B. (2003). Can Beer Taxes Affect Teen Pregnancy? Evidence Based on Teen Abortion Rates and Birth Rates. Southern Economic Journal, 70(2), 328-343. Retrieved from http://www. utc. du/Outreach/SouthernEconomicAssociation/southern-economic- journal. html Data from the years of 1985, 1988, 1992, and 1996 we re used in this interesting article on beer taxes and teen pregnancy and how they are related. The article provided statistical data showing that higher tax rates on beer have shown to negatively affect teen pregnancy and abortion rates. This is a peer-reviewed article and was found by clicking the peer-review box during the search process. Witte, K. (1997). Preventing teen pregnancy through persuasive communications: Realities, Myths and the hard-fact truths. Journal of Community Health, 22(2), 137-137-54. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/224047307? accountid=35812 This article provides interesting data concerning the use of pregnancy prevention campaigns and what they communicate to teens and adolescents. Campaigns according to the study should provide more negative and hard-fact truths to communicate teen pregnancy, sexual activity, and abortion in order to help combat future teen pregnancy and abortion rates. This is a peer-reviewed article and was found by clicking the peer-review box during the search process.

An Exercise in Identifying Paragraph Breaks in Essays

An Exercise in Identifying Paragraph Breaks in Essays This exercise will give you practice in paragraphingorganizing sentences into unified paragraphs in a coherent essay. InstructionsWhen originally published in 1913, this humorous essay by Homer Croy was divided into 17 paragraphs. The essay has been reprinted here without any line spaces or indentations.Either on your own or in a group, decide where the paragraph breaks should be, and be prepared to explain why. When youre done, compare your version of the essay with the original version of Bathing in a Borrowed Suit. Keep in mind that many arrangements are possible and that your version of the essay may have more than or fewer than 17 paragraphs.   Bathing in a Borrowed Suit by Homer Croy (1883-1965) The desire to be seen on the beach in a borrowed bathing suit is not so strong in me as it once was. An acquaintance, under the guise of friendship, lured me out to his beach one day, saying that he had full rights to the most popular ocean in the world. I had heard his ocean spoken highly of, and I accepted. Unfortunately I forgot to take my bathing suit, but he said that that was nothingthat he had one that would fit me as the paper on the wall. As I recall it those were his exact words. At last he found it in the basement, where it seems that the mice, to get the salt, had helped themselves rather liberally to its none too strong fabric. From the holes in the suit it was easy to see that the party had been a merry one and had not broken up till a late hour. The suit had never been planned for a person of my general architecture. Roughly speaking, I am fashioned along the lines of the Woolworth Building, with a slight balcony effect about the thirty-third floor. The suit had been i ntended for a smallish person given to bathing principally by himself. It was, in its present state, mostly a collection of holes rather insecurely held together with yarn. The waist would have been tight on a doll, while the trunks looked like a pair of pulse-warmers. I tried to find a place to get into the suit, but it stuck together like a wet paper bag. At last I got part way in only to find that my arms were sticking through where a couple of mice had polished off a meal. Finally I felt that I had the suit on and looked in the mirror. I drew back in startled surprise. There were two foreign marks on my body. One I recognized after a moment as being where my collar button had rubbed, but the other was larger. It was a dark splotch as if I had run into the bureau. But, on looking more closely, I saw that it was the bathing suit. Even under the most favorable circumstances, when attired in a bathing suit, I dont live long in the memory of strangers. Rarely ever is my photograph taken by a shore photographer and put up in his exhibition case, and prac tically never does a cluster of people gather around me, talking excitedly with bursts of involuntary applause. My friends were waiting on the lawn for me to join them. Taking a firm grip on my courage I walked out into the yard. The ladies were gaily chatting and smiling until they saw me, when suddenly they closed the conversation and turned to gaze far out over the blue horizon to a dim, distant sail. The ocean looked only a couple of blocks away, but we seemed to walk miles. I was the cynosure of all eyes. I had never been a cynosure before, and in fact didnt know that I had any talent in that line, but now, as a cynosure, I was a great success. When some rude boys came up and began to make personal remarks in the tone that such remarks are usually made in, I abandoned the rest of the party and hurried for the water. I plunged in, but I plunged too hard. My suit had got past the plunging stage. When I came up there was little on me besides the sea foam and a spirit of jollity. The latter was feigned. Something told me to keep to the deep. My friends called me and insisted that I come asho re to play in the sand with them, but I answered that I loved the ocean too well and wanted its sheltering arms around me. I had to have something around me. I must get back to the house and into my clothes. I worked down the beach until I was out of sight, and made a break for the solace of the basement from whence the suit had come. Many people were out walking but I did not join any of them, and as they stared at me, I began to walk faster and faster. Soon I was running. A large dog that I had never seen before rushed at me. I turned around and gave him one lowering look, but he evidently did not catch it, for he came straight on. I looked around for a rock to use for something that I had in mind, but somebody had removed all the desirable ones. So I turned my back to the ill-bred creature and started on. However, this did not cut him the way I had hoped. Instead, he came on with renewed interest. I did not want him to follow me, but this seemed to be his intention, although he had received no encouragement on my part. I sped up and tried to lose him, but my efforts were fruitless, and to make it mor e unpleasant he kept up a loud, discordant barking which jarred on my sensitive ear. I gained the yard and plunged against the door of the house, but some thoughtful person had closed it. I ran around to the rear, but the person had done his work well. So I ran back with some vague hope that the door would be open, although I knew quite well it wouldnt be. My surmises were right. Back the dog and I ran together, while curious passers-by began to stare. I soon found myself almost out of breath, but the dog seemed to be quite fresh. However, I ran back again. At last I came upon a basement door that was open, dived in and shut the door after me. I took particular pains to do that. I continued to remain in the basement. Although the time hung heavily on my hands I did not stroll out to chat with the townspeople. In the course of time my friend returned and looked at me strangely. Arent you feeling well? he asked pityingly. No, I answered sadly. I feel kind of run down. But why did you get in this basement? he asked. It belongs to the man next door. Of late I get all th e bathing I want with a sponge behind closed doors. I would rather have a sponge that has been in the family a long time at my back, than a strange dog similarly located, with whose habits I am not familiar. Bathing in a Borrowed Suit by Homer Croy originally appeared in Life magazine (July 1913) and was reprinted in Our American Humorists by Thomas L. Masson (Moffat, Yard and Company, 1922).

Setting Ideas for Improv Acting and Comedy Sketches

Setting Ideas for Improv Acting and Comedy Sketches One of the essential ingredients to a good improv scene is a setting. But sometimes, the ideas just dont flow. This list of settings for improv acting and comedy sketches may help grease the wheels. Keys to Success If youre not relying on your audience to suggest a setting, youll need to think quickly and choose one yourself. One of the goals of improv is to learn how to think quickly and creatively when confronted by the unexpected. To do that, youll need to bear a few things in mind: Go with it. If youre told to wear a trench coat, then do it. Now youve got one detail to add to the sketch of the character youre building: one whos a private eye in an old detective movie. Accept everything that people do or say as literal truth and dont try to deceive or outwit your fellow actors.Create a backstory. You can add realism to your character by asking questions or making statements that reference a past event. Maybe your detective character just had a run-in with a police officer who doesnt like him. As the two glare at each other, your character asks, You going to arrest me just like last time? And just like that, youve established a backstory for your audience that gives them more information about the scene youre creating.Be specific. Improv actors rarely work with elaborate sets or with many props. Instead, the challenge is to create a sense of place and character with your words and actions. Dont speak in monosyllables. Be descriptive.  Begin mid-action.  Unlik e scripted acting, improv doesnt have the luxury of building up to a dramatic climax through a prologue. You want to keep the activity (and inspiration) moving. Each sketch should start with your characters already engaged in a scenario, like being up to their elbows in a sink full of dirty dishes. Act without words. Speaking is just one way that an actor can convey information. Try choosing an improv setting and then using pantomime or another means of non-verbal communication.  Dont be yourself. Youre not playing yourself in improv; youre someone else. As you perform, push yourself to act and react in ways the real you may never do. Suggested Improv Settings Once the actors are ready, its time to choose a setting. Some performers let the audience make suggestions, with the troupe picking their favorite. Others leave it to the director or host to pick a scenario. Theres no right or wrong way to do it. Thats the beauty of improv. A:Art GalleryAmbulanceAdoption ClinicAmazon RainforestAntique StoreAttic B:BarbershopBalconyBoatBirds NestBlacksmithBakeryButterfly HabitatBeaver DamBootcamp C:CastleCat Ladys HouseChessboardCheese FactoryClassroom Cemetery(Inside a) Comic BookChiropractors OfficeCircus D:Dance StudioDragons LairDesertDeep Sea DivingDepartment of Motor VehiclesDetentionDrunk Tank E:EgyptElephant SanctuaryElfs ForestExecution ChamberEarthquake Preparedness Class F:Ferris WheelFire StationFishing PondFootball StadiumFutureFortune Tellers Shop G:Grocery StoreGolf CourseGhost TownGondolaGarbage DumpGarageGoldmineGypsy CampGrand Canyon H:Hardware StoreHelicopterHenhouseHogwartsHospitalHawaii I:IglooIsland (Tropical)IcebergIce Cream ShopIce Age J:JungleJet Pilots CockpitJudges ChambersJury BoxJewelry StoreJurassic Age K:Karate ClassKaraoke BarKnights Training GroundsKing Kongs CageKnitting CircleKangaroo Farm L:LagoonLighthouseLibraryLOST (The TV Show)LifeboatLumberjack CampLondonLaundromat M:Make-Up CounterMarathon Finish LineMechanics ShopMoonMousetrapMummys Tomb(Inside a) MicrowaveMountain Top N:Nursing HomeNews StationNeverlandNature TrailNightclubNewspaper Office O:Orchestra PitOffice CubicleOrchardOutback (Australia)Open House (Real Estate)Optometrist P:Picnic SpotPanda ExhibitPromPirate ShipPet StorePost OfficePhotography ClassPolice Station Q:Queen Elizabeths CourtQuiz ShowQuicksand R:Radio ProgramRestaurant Grand OpeningRed Carpet (Movie Premiere)Riverboat(Inside a) Romance NovelRobbers Hideout S:SafariSchool LunchroomSchool Nurses OfficeSantas WorkshopSki SlopeSpider WebSummer CampSmurf VillageSoftball GameSpaceshipSecond-Hand StoreSubmarineStable T:TreehouseTravel AgencyTruckstopTheater AuditionTidepoolTribal CeremonyTourist Trap U:Ugly Princess Birthday PartyUndergroundUnderwaterUnemployment OfficeUtopian Society V:Vampires HomeVolleyball CourtVolcanoVoting Booth W:Witchs CavernWarehouseWhite HouseWaterslide ParkWrestling RingWild WestWoodshop ClassWedding Ceremony X:X-Ray LabXylophone Store Y:Yard SaleYoga ClassYearbook Club Z:Zeppelin (Blimp)Zombie Vacation SpotZoo

Technology and Issues with Modern Communication Essay

Technology and Issues with Modern Communication - Essay Example e benefits of modern technology to an effective communication, there are also four words that pose challenges that we should think about – Communication, Ubiquitous, Consequential, & Complex†. Today, the internet and mobile phones are one of the mostly used medium of communication as it provides real-time messages to be exchanged, not to mention the affordability of doing so. However, we can see a paradigm shift in the kind of messages we now create – from detailed sentences to communicate as sending letters would always put pressure on enveloping the whole message before sending it out because of the time it will take to get to the recipient and the cost, convenience we now enjoy with modern technology makes us shift to a conversational way of communicating (Thomas, M.). Thus, most of the time, we fail to establish the story or the purpose of a message and go directly to the main point which somehow fails to deliver the point to a recipient. The next challenge would be the ubiquitous & consequential quality of modern technology. We all know that technologies that aid us to communicate are universal. Everyone now has easy access to it. However, one downside to this would be the fact that everyone desires to get a hold of the faster gadget available with more features for a better exchange of messages without really taking time to get proper education on how to use it. Thus, increased spending, not getting the most of a certain gadget, and at the same time lessened person to person interaction is diminished because of the proliferation of social media. Also, modern technology being deemed to be consequential to the quality of life has a strong tendency to be merely an object that describes a status quo instead of being used as an instrument to establish lasting and sustainable peer interaction, friendships, and successful business transactions. Lastly, as with great power comes great responsibility, one of the downsides of modern technology would be the

Writing a proposal for case study in conflict management design system

Writing a proposal for in conflict management design system - Case Study Example The system should be able to resolve conflicts using the interest based approach, the rights based approach and the power based approaches. For conflict management systems to be successful, organizations should be commited to educate its employees on positive values and beliefs that are associated with conflict. The organization should commit itself to educate its employees on behaviour that is compatible with successful conflict management systems. The employee attitudes towards conflicts should be neutral. The organization should commit resources’ in educating employees on the need to avoid perceiving a conflict as a situation whose outcome is about gains and loses. This is because a conflict management system will work if the mindset of employees is not tilted in the direction of a blaming mindset. Allowing for elimination of a blaming mind set ensures that the conflict management system assists in handling conflicts in a constructive manner. This will significantly reduce unproductive employee time, work place stress and litigation (Bercovitch & Jackson, 2009). The organization should provide open communication systems vital for the working of conflict resolution systems. Once the organization commits itself to having an open communication system, it will have provided a ground for the working of the conflict resolution system, by eliminating the mistrust between employees and managers. For the conflict management system to work the organization should ensure that it commits itself to avail primary decision making centers in the organization’s structure. Moreover, the organization needs to put up decision making centers that are cooperative. This will promote consensus and facilitation when the systems are used for conflict resolution. The project intends to achieve myriad objectives through the conflict resolution systems. The system will ensure that

Themes of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Themes of Huckleberry Finn - Essay Example Blacks however, were a different story. The blacks were not free and were kept as slaves. This is shown while Huck and Jim are on the raft. Jim uses the color of Huck’s skin to threaten others; this example was a real life example of how slavery was and how people used it. Since slavery was so powerful and such a large means of life, Jim knows that Huck has an advantage because he is white. As chapters 23- 25 are explored the ignorance of racism begins to be diminished between Huck and Jim. Huck begins to see that Jim is a person just like him. Once he realizes that blacks and whites are the same he can see the true ignorance of racism. This realization is important to the theme since it opens the eyes of Huck which symbolizes much of America. America slowly began to realize that whites and blacks are equal and freedom for the slaves was necessary. Since Huck is able to accept the fact that Jim and he are similar individuals after Jim has been captured, this plays into the themes of the book. Huck begins on a new adventure. This adventure is to free his friend even though he has been taught different. If slavery was not such a huge theme, Huck may not be as motivated to seek his new found friend and stand for

Conflict Management in the Construction Industry

Conflict Management in the Construction Industry The nature of the construction industry in Hong Kong is such that there is an existing conflict between the major construction project participants, owners, design professionals and contractors. The construction industry is well-known for high levels of conflicts and disputes. Construction is construction, and no matter how complicated the technology. It is also a project-based industry with each project being unique. Within a project life cycle, a large number of separate firm are involved. Failures by one party can affect those engaged in a project and, as work often takes substantial periods during which national economic circumstances can change, it is unavoidable that dispute will arise. From the above-mentioned scenario, it should not be surprised that the techniques of conflict management and dispute resolution in construction industry are more developed, compared to the industry, one might be inclined to ask the questions as to whether there is any hope for the industry in attempting to reduce the serious and extent of conflicts and disputes? According to Fenn et al(1997), conflict can be managed, possibly to point of preventing it from leading to dispute whereas, dispute require resolution and , therefore, are associated with distinct justifiable issue. The purpose of this paper will firstly describe the definition of conflict management and dispute resolution. And also identify the causes of the conflicts and disputes in Hong Kong construction industry. Finally, this study will also identify the way of formal conflict management and the dispute resolution methods to be used. 2. Conflict Management in Construction Industry: 2.1 The definition of conflict management: Conflict may be defined as a contest between people with opposing needs, ideas, beliefs, values or goal. Conflict on team is unavoidable; however, the results of conflict are not predetermined. Conflict might increase and lead to non-productive results or conflict can be beneficially resolved and lead to quality final products. Therefore, learning to manage conflict is essential to a high-performance team. Though very few people go looking for conflict, more often than not. Conflict results because of lacking communication between people with regard to their needs, ideas, beliefs, goals, or values. Conflict management is the principle that all conflicts cannot consequentially be resolved, but learning how to manage conflicts can decrease the odds of non-productive escalation. According to Algert, N.E., and Watson, K. (2002), Conflict management involves obtaining skills related to conflict resolution, self-awareness about conflict modes, conflict communication skills, and establishing a structure for management of conflict in your environment. 2.2 The causes of conflict in construction: Construction is significantly different from manufacturing, in which the same goods are produced a thousand times. Also, construction does not allow for the change of variable while holding the rest fixed in order to study its effects. The nature of the construction referred to earlier so conflicts among owners, design professionals and contractors are general. To suggest that these parties are prone to confrontational interaction and conflict would be a major statement in the construction industry. Owners are even arguing with their design professionals over design service explain of errors and neglect in design services rendered, aesthetic considerations and budget overruns. (p.4-white) Accordingly, Howell et.al (1998, cited by Vorster 1993) proposed a nomenclature of elements that summarize four causes behind conflict in the construction environment: Incomplete scope definition: The design professionals responsibility to define and design the project scope so as to meet the owners functional, budgetary, time and environmental project criteria. When the design professional fails to meet their responsibility, the owner is almost always dissatisfied with the result, with the effect that strict correspondence soon ensues between the parties. Also, when the scope of the work is unclear, this presents an unhappy relation for future between the owner and the contractor, arguing about the scope and quality of the work, and whether in fact the work is properly defined by the contract documents prepared by the design professional. Inappropriate contract type: Contracts are endemic as causes of conflict within the construction industry; almost every stage of the construction process is regulated by an agreement of some sort. Some of the areas of contract dispute are breach of contract in contract clause interpretation, inspection of work clauses, indemnity clauses, payment of supplies, and liability to third parties, just to name a few possible areas of contract dispute. Poor communication: Infrastructures are unique products with more complex production process than other and most of building products are a combined effort of several peoples or organization. So many professionals have contribution to do a building in various capacities. Among construction team members, each may have different aim in relation to their profession, but their main aim should be to complete the project within a given plan. Conflict between team members may arise when their objectives are inconsistent. Also, their interpretations of contract documents, terms, and conditions can diverge, leading to discrepancies and conflict. In short, all causes of conflict within an area are interrelated. Uncertainty: For external: a) Environmental concerns; b) Social impacts; c) Economics; d) Political risks; e) Weather; f) Regulation; g) Unforeseen site condition. For internal: a) Error in design; b) Construction methods and workmanship In figure 10.3 which is one example of what the owner should consider when identifying potential conflicts. We can identify which of them may be realized at the interfaces among the multiple participants in an agency construction management delivery system. Certain conflicts in the relationship among the owner, designer, CM and trade contractor can be eliminated in various situations if a different delivery system is selected. (P.205-White) 2.3 Methods of conflict management used in construction industry in HK: In the construction industry, ask anyone if they completed a construction project without any conflict. The answer 100% of the time will be NO. The successful project managers must be implement strategies to avoid or monitor conflict in their construction project. The following common steps are used by the project managers when developing a successful conflict management: Conflict identification; Conflict analysis; Design and implementation of a conflict management; Monitoring and review of the conflict management. (P.202-White) Prevention is the best method in the management of the conflict in construction industry. The methods include: Dispute review boards or advisors; Negotiation; Quality (Total quality management and quality assurance); Procurement systems which are all non-blinding process. Baden-Hellard (1988) emphasized that construction industry has a built-in potential for conflict arising from the differences always present in values, principles and interest. Thus, when differences arises from unforeseen events, no matter how well the clients, design team and contractors have managed the project, better methods of resolving the differences are needed. Dispute review boards or advisors: It is virtually impossible to complete a large construction project without having any disputes develop between the parties. The DRB is a panel of two neutral individuals who are selected by the parties to the construction contract, usually the project owner and the general contractor. The project owner will stipulate in the specifications for bidding the project. DBR provide the processes and mechanisms to not only help to settle disputes but also can provide a method to prevent the potential conflict from ever happening. The potential conflict to the DRB means that plausible argument at each construction stages and the quality of the presentation of claims. The first meeting of the DRB usually takes place well before the commencement of the construction project and will continue to meet until the DRB members are well-known all of the aspects of the project. After the project begins, each DRB will usually meet on a regularly scheduled basic such as once each month or once each quarter, etc. Besides, site visit can ne made depending on the requirements of the project. Negotiation; Negotiation needs to be carrying out to resolve the conflict before it reached a more serious stage and change into dispute. The parties are required to come together and approach an agreeable settlement through communication. The following two example shown a simple negotiation between the main contractor(MC) and a subcontractor(SC) who is unable to meet the objective in the contract. Example A: SC: I will not be able to finish this process on time. MC: You must be finish theses according the time schedule. SC: I need three extra weeks to finish it. MC:You cannot have extra three weeks. SC: If I do not get three weeks, i can not complete this process on time. MC:No, you will complete as scheduled, if you really cannot finish it, we will collect damage and replace you. The example A is a position-based type of negotiation which will go around in circle until one of parties abandons its position. It is not clear why the parties are even arguing. Example B: SUB: I will not be able to finish this process on time. MC: What are the reasons and why can you not finish as scheduled? SUB: My supplier will not able to deliver the materials until next week so I need three extra weeks to finish it. MC: You should know the schedule is very tight for this project. Are there any other suppliers who can deliver on time? SUB: Yes, but the suppliers are more expensive than the damages given by finishing late. MC: Although you are responsible for reaching the target, I also understand your predicament. Actually, I know some other suppliers that might be able to solve these problems and I will contact them as soon as possible. The example B is an interest-based type of negotiation which can be reached a mutually agreeable solution even the source of the conflict is uncovered. According to these two examples, a successful negotiation should result in a solution acceptable to both parties that will not damage their relationship and implies collaboration, trust and common objectives. Quality (Total quality management (TQM) or assurance): According to Gardiner et al (1992), the most confliction stages are identified within the organization, closely followed by the issue of quality and control. One of the most confliction stages is the quality issue so a good and suitable quality management or control system should be issued. It can reduce the frequency of conflict. TQM is an extensive management system which: Focuses on meeting owners needs by providing quality services at a cost that provides value to the owners; Is compel by the quest for continuous improvement in all operations; Understand everyone in the organization; Observe an organization as an internal system with a common objective rather than as individual parties acting to maximize their own performances; Emphasize teamwork and a high level of workers. Procurement systems: The procurement system is one of most effective methods in prevention of conflict so it should be located in the earlier stage of the project life cycle. According to Bennett et al (1990), the procurement system built up the roles and relationships, which constitute the organization. It establishes the overall management structure and systems, which helps to form the overall values and styles of the project. The Procurement System for Construction provides support for: Selection of appropriate procurement and contracting strategies, and nomination of an appropriate Principal in the contracts; Preparation of tender documents and contracts based on standard forms; Selection of contractors and consultants with proven performance records; Effective management of contracts, including clause commentaries, sample letters and checklists; Maintenance of an effective performance management system through monitoring and reporting; and Resolution of contractual claims and disputes. (NSW Government (2000), Procurement system for construction. Available from: NSW Government, NSW Government Procurement Web site: http://www.nswprocurement.com.au/Procurement-System-for-Construction.aspx [Accessed: March 13, 2011].) 3. Dispute Resolution in Construction Industry: 3.1 The definition of Dispute Resolution: Dispute resolution is about identifying the root causes of conflict and preventing and managing conflict with the purpose of resolving disputes or conflict during the construction process in order to avoid post-construction claims, litigation, and related costs. According to Whitfield(1994), resolve disputation can use either informal resolution methods such as negotiation and alternative dispute resolution(ADR) or formal resolution methods such as litigation and arbitration. 3.2 The causes of dispute in construction: Disputes are often the outcome of ill considered procurement practices, inadequate preparatory planning and design activity, or poor project and commercial management procedures. If the conflict happened in construction site, all parties are agreed to each other. There is no further conflict because objectives of both party become same. But if one or both party becomes intransigent, then the conflict may turn to a dispute. In other word, disputes are come up when parties are unable to manage their conflicts properly. Dispute can be defined as a disagreement between parties in connection with their objectives. Construction failure may create dispute between the parties in construction sites. According to Feld and carper; Kaminetzky (1997), failure during the construction phase may include: Overloading. Improper temporary supports. Inadequate planning and execution of construction process. Lack of inspection. Insufficient safety factors. Inadequate training of construction workers. Feld, J. and Carper, K. (1997). ConstructionFailure. John Wiley Sons, New York.   Cause of client: 1) Failure to respond in timely manner. 2) Inadequate tracing mechanisms for RFI (Request for information). 3) Reluctant to check for constructability, clarity and completeness. 4) Discrepancies / ambiguities in contract documents. 5) Poor communications between and among the parties involved in theproject. 6) Failure to appoint an overall project manager. 7) Lowest price mentality in engagement of contractors and designers. The absence of team spirit among the participants. 8) Deficient management, supervision and coordination efforts on the  part of the project. Cause of designer: Failure to understand its responsibilities under design team contract. Over-design and underestimate the costs involve. Inadequate in open and factual communication. Late information issued and cumbersome approaches to RFIs Design and specification oversights and errors or omissions resulting  from uncoordinated civil, structural, architectural, mechanical and  electrical designs. Incompleteness of drawing and specifications. Cause of contractor: Inadequate contractor management, supervision and coordination. Lack of understanding and agreement in contract procurement. Failure to understand and correctly bid or price the works. Reluctance to seek clarification. Failure to plan and execute the changes of works. Inadequate CPM Scheduling and update requirements. Delay/ suspension of works. Fenn et al (1997) provides a synopsis of the findings of nine frequently cited  studies of the sources of disputes: 3.3 Methods of dispute resolution used in construction industry in HK: According to Carmichael (2002), the step approach to dispute resolution as below. An attempt is made to resolve the dispute at the level at which it occurs, in a reasonable time; If this fails, involve parties at a higher level with decision making authority, and the potential to settle in the interests of a commercial solution; If this fails, proceed to an ADR approach using and independent third party; If this fails, arbitration or litigation will be used. 3.3.1 Informal resolution methods: a) Negotiation: Negotiation is a common dispute resolution method, which we all are using in every day. There is no neutral third party for the negotiation, only the disputants. It is also defined as a means to reach mutual agreement through communication, according to Down, L.J. (2009), (p.140-white) Negotiation is considered by most appropriate way to resolve any dispute in construction industry. It was because negotiation is not expensive and can be maintained relationship with the related parties. However, there are also negative sides of negotiation. For example, if the related parties negotiated a long and protected period of discussion, the negotiation will be fail because they are not blinding. Besides, it is an informal resolution method, it can allow any surprise issue or irrelevant points rising. b) Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) ADR is a collective term used to describe methods of resolving disputes which are alternatives to litigation and arbitration and which usually offer a less expensive solution. For example: Mediation: This has appeared as an increasingly used form of dispute resolution, involving a neutral third party working to facilitate effective negotiations to enable a mutually acceptable settlement. In mediation, the parties explore options, measuring the strengths and weaknesses of their respective cases. Mediation can save a great deal of time and cost in resolving a dispute and can also help the parties to re-establish trust and prevent damage to ongoing relationships. Adjudication: This is a quick and relatively inexpensive way of resolving a dispute.The adjudicators decision is normally upheld by the courts and so it is important to ensure that all the relevant facts are put in front of the adjudicator. Adjudication does not necessarily achieve final settlement of a dispute because either of the parties has the right to have the same dispute heard afresh in court. However, experience shows that the majority of adjudication decisions are accepted by the parties as the final result. (Powell, J. David. 2005. Boundary Dispute Resolution in England Wales Surveyors and Lawyers Working Together to Resolve Problems. Proceedings of Cairo: Egypt.) Because of the following potential advantages, it is worth considering using ADR early in a lawsuit or even before you files a lawsuit. Advantages of ADR: Better communication; Continued business relationship; More options for settlement; Reduced costs in achieving settlement; Confidentially Control of outcome and the process. 3.3.2 Formal resolution methods: a) Litigation On occasions, alternative dispute resolution procedures are not successful in resolving disputes, resulting with the parties resorting to formal litigation through the courts. According to Whitfield(1994), the process of litigation is from the issue of a writ to a hearing and then on to a judgment. One of the failures of the legal process has been the speed with which solicitors have been prepared to issue writ. After writ has been issue, the plaintiff cannot simply withdraw his writ and forget the matter. If he did so, the counterclaim would be found against him along with the cost. The related construction companies need to provide litigation support services for both formal litigation and alternative dispute resolution as follows: Programme delay analysis; Forensic research; Preparation of statements of claim and statements of defence; Paralegal support. b) Arbitration According to Ashworth (2005), Arbitration is a legal technique for the resolution of dispute outside the courts. The parties refer the dispute to a neutral, knowledgeable person (arbitrator or arbitral tribunal) who then gives the final decision (award) to which both the parties agree. Arbitration, in lieu of court proceedings, as the last resort to resolving disputes in construction contracts has been commonly used in Hong Kong as well as internationally. Although intended to be a less formal and more flexible alternative to litigation, arbitration can be as thorough and time-consuming as litigation, especially for construction disputes. The related companies should be employ the expertise in representing them in arbitration proceedings and handling the whole arbitration process from the appointment of arbitrators, drafting of pleadings, dealing with interlocutory proceedings through to the hearing stage and beyond. Where necessary, lawyers who experienced in construction disputes to provide the most comprehensive services to the company in arbitration. 4. Conclusion: Each construction projects are unique and complex undertakings. A unique set of drawings and specifications are used to describe each construction stages. The drawings and related documents generally performed by a general contractor and several subcontractors, many of whom have not work together previously. The unique aspects of each project and the unique constitution of each construction team are common reasons for disagreements to occur. Disputes can be generated in any environment; indeed, conflict can occur whenever two individuals try to work together. These disputes often concern topics such as changes, differing site conditions, delays, and payments. Many researchers had attempted to determine the causes of conflict and disputes within the construction industry. Besides, H. Murray Hohns (1979) leads to the conclusion that the specific causes of the conflict and dispute can be largely traced to the following five sources: Errors, defects or omissions in contract documents; Underestimation of the cost by the client, the contractor, or both; Changes in conditions, (e.g. unforeseen ground conditions); Claims from end-users (legal rights of owners and tenants); People involved in the construction process. When confliction is arise in the construction industry, the importance of proper conflict recovery method and compliance with formal procedures cannot be over-stressed. If disputes proceedings become unavoidable, it should be some comfort to know that proper alternative dispute resolution will be a favorable condition rather than a drawback.

Battered Womens Syndrome :: essays research papers

Battered Women's Syndrome: A Survey of Contemporary Theories Domestic Violence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1991, Governor William Weld modified parole regulations and permitted women to seek commutation if they could present evidence indicating they suffered from battered women's syndrome. A short while later, the Governor, citing spousal abuse as his impetus, released seven women convicted of killing their husbands, and the Great and General Court of Massachusetts enacted Mass. Gen. L. ch. 233, 23E (1993), which permits the introduction of evidence of abuse in criminal trials. These decisive acts brought the issue of domestic abuse to the public's attention and left many Massachusetts residents, lawyers and judges struggling to define battered women's syndrome. In order to help these individuals define battered women's syndrome, the origins and development of the three primary theories of the syndrome and recommended treatments are outlined below. I. The Classical Theory of Battered Women's Syndrome and its Origins   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), known in the mental health field as the clinician's bible, does not recognize battered women's syndrome as a distinct mental disorder. In fact, Dr. Lenore Walker, the architect of the classical battered women's syndrome theory, notes the syndrome is not an illness, but a theory that draws upon the principles of learned helplessness to explain why some women are unable to leave their abusers. Therefore, the classical battered women's syndrome theory is best regarded as an offshoot of the theory of learned helplessness and not a mental illness that afflicts abused women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theory of learned helplessness sought to account for the passive behavior subjects exhibited when placed in an uncontrollable environment. In the late 60's and early 70's, Martin Seligman, a famous researcher in the field of psychology, conducted a series of experiments in which dogs were placed in one of two types of cages. In the former cage, henceforth referred to as the shock cage, a bell would sound and the experimenters would electrify the entire floor seconds later, shocking the dog regardless of location. The latter cage, however, although similar in every other respect to the shock cage, contained a small area where the experimenters could administer no shock. Seligman observed that while the dogs in the latter cage learned to run to the nonelectrified area after a series of shocks, the dogs in the shock cage gave up trying to escape, even when placed in the latter cage and shown that escape was possible.

CACHE Early Years Education And Care Essay

1.1 and 1.2: Physical care needs for children in relation to nappy changing, would be keeping children clean and dry, by changing soiled nappies as soon as possible. Making sure to wear an apron and gloves, use the right sized nappy and by using the appropriate wipes and creams (if needed). Toilet training routine care needs would be asking children to go to the toilet at regular intervals. Learning to wipe, clean them selves up and to flush. Making sure they wash and dry their hands after use of toilet. Washing and bath time care needs would be to make sure water is not to hot or cold. Seeing that hands, face and body are thoroughly cleaned with appropriate soap and either sponge or flannel. Skin care would include making sure it is clean. Seeing that the right creams and ointments are used for cuts, sores and certain skin conditions (eczema, psoriasis etc). Having noses wiped, and tissues then being put into a bin and making sure coughs and sneezes are covered then washing hands af ter. Teeth care is to make sure that teeth are brushed at least twice a day with a suitable toothbrush and toothpaste that is appropriate for each age group and needs of each child. Hair care includes having hair washed with a suitable shampoo and conditioner ( if conditioner is needed). Having hair brushed everyday at least once. Making sure hair is cut and maintained regularly (checked for head lice etc). Mealtime care routines differ between ages of children. Babies would require temperature-controlled formula in a sterilised bottle around every 3-4 hours, with them being winded during and after each feed. Toddlers would require food easy to chew (blended or soft foods), at least 3 times a day with plenty of fluids in between. Young children would eat a variety of normal foods, and would learn how to eat with a fork, knife and spoon etc. They would be taught to wash hands before eating and to sit appropriately at a table. The children would be encouraged to ask for more should they want it and help themselves to pouring drinks etc. 1.3: Non- routine physical care would be required if a child was to have an accident, e.g. wet or soiled themselves, fall over or split something which  needed cleaning or clothes changing. Other non-routine care would be if a child was to become ill e.g. be sick, has an allergic reaction etc. 1.4: Benefits in working in partnership with parents/carers is the information received for each individual child and creates a good relationship which builds confidence for everyone.. Parents can learn from you and you can learn from parents. For example knowing which child has allergies or certain medical conditions. Which child takes medication or has behavioural issues. Also to find out if there are any cultural issues or language barriers. Children can be different at home/school therefore there is a need to work together to reduce this effect, by working together can help with synchronising routines, e.g. no good doing something one way at home and another way at setting. Having care plans set in place for each child and having all issues, needs and likings/dislikings for each child can be maintained and can continue at home during holidays, weekends etc. Good working partnership helps parents feel empowered and not excluded from treatment plans etc. Unit 1.3 Y/505/9283 Support physical care routines for children 2.1: Hygienic practice to sterilising equipment is to make sure ands and surface areas around sterilised equipment are washed. Then make sure all feeding and preparation equipment is washed in hot soapy water. Use bottle/teat brushes to clean and make sure all previous feed is removed from inside and outside of bottles/teats, then rinse all under tap once cleaned. If using a commercial steriliser then you would need to follow the manufactures instructions. If boiling then make sure all bottles, teats etc are fully submerged with no air bubbles. Cover and boil at least for 10mins. It is best to remove equipment. Hygienic practice for preparing formula feeds is to clean hands and all surfaces before preparation. It is best to make up feeds just before use. Use fresh boiled water and then leave to cool. Once cooled, use the exact amount of formula as instructed then re-assemble bottle. Shake bottle making sure everything well mixed. Holding under tap or put in container cool formula to right feeding temperature. Always check temperature of feed on the inside of wrist by squirting a few  drops, before giving it to baby. Always discard any left over feed after 2hours. 2.2: There are all varieties of formula milk, so they should be used in accordance to the needs of each child, as certain children may need a different formula to another child. Using the wrong formula, adding to much/little or not having the feed, at the right temp can affect the health of babies. If the feed has been left or stored to long it can cause the growth of bacteria. If the person or surrounding areas have not been washed/cleaned thoroughly that can also cause bacteria growth, and bacteria transfer onto sterilised equipment. If equipment has not been cleaned or sterilised properly then that can also cause bacteria to grow and not be eliminated. Unit 1.3 Y/505/9283 Support physical care routines for children 3.1: The role of an early years practitioner in relation to hand washing would be to make sure hands are washed thoroughly before preparing meals/snacks times and also afterwards. Hands should also be washed after changing and toileting. In relation to food hygiene hands must always be washed, then put on gloves and apron before handling/preparing foods. Food should stored in the correct tubs etc and at the right temperature. Food preparation areas should be cleaned thoroughly and different equipment should be used for different food types, to stop cross-contamination. Spillages should be cleaned up straight away to prevent accidents, staining and contamination etc, with the appropriate equipment (cloths, paper towels, mops). All waste should be disposed into the right bins, bags etc and then removed into an outdoor bin at the end of each day. When preparing foods, changing children, cleaning spillages and disposing of waste, an early years practitioner should always make sure hands have been washed before and after. They should always wear an apron and gloves where appropriate. Unit 1.3 Y/505/9283 Support physical care routines for children 5.1: Rest and sleep needs differ from each child and each age group. For  example a 6-week-old baby will usually require around 15-16 hours per day. Most of these would be during the night and baby would probably be having around 3-4 naps per day. At 6 weeks, a baby will more than likely still be waking for feeds during the night. At 7 months a baby would be falling into a sleep pattern of around 11 hours each night, with around 2 naps during the day consisting of around 1-2 hours each. Most 7 month olds would be sleeping through the night. When it comes to children of 15 months old, sleep patterns change again. Most 15 month olds will be sleeping through the night for around 13 hours. They will need 1 nap during the day or 2 quick rest naps. These sleep patterns will usually stay the same till around the age of 3 years. Sleep and rest patterns for children aged 4-5 years would be around 10-12 hours a night without day naps. By the age of 6-7 years children would have around 8-10 hours a night also without daytime naps. All children will rest and sleep better if they have the same routine nap an bedtime each day/night. The sooner a child gets into a routine the better it can be for them settling. 5.2: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden and unexplained death of a baby, where no cause is found. While SIDS is rare, it can still occur and there are steps parents and take to help reduce the risks. Things you can do would be to always place your baby on their back to sleep. Keep your baby smoke free during and after birth. Have covers no higher than baby’s shoulders and tuck them in. Have baby sleep in your room for the first 6 months in a cot, crib or moses basket. Use a firm, flat and waterproof mattress in good condition and place baby in â€Å"feet to foot† position. The things to avoid would be to never sleep in a chair or on a sofa with your baby. Don’t sleep in the same bed as your baby, if you smoke or have been drinking or taking drugs etc. Don’t let your baby get to hot or cold and don’t use loose coverings. Unit 1.3 Y/505/9283 Support physical care routines for children N1: 6.1: Measles is a highly infectious viral illness that can be very unpleasant and can sometimes lead to serious complications that can sometimes be fatal.  These include bacterial infection in the lungs (pneumonia) and the brain (encephalitis). Measles is caused by a virus spread in droplets and is very easy to be caught by those who have not been vaccinated. Typical symptoms of measles include fever, cough, conjunctivitis and a rash. Complications are even quite common in healthy people, and about 20% of reported measles cases experience one or more complication. Most people who are at risk of developing serious complications are babies younger than 12 months, children in poor health, teenagers and adults. 6.2: The first MMR vaccinations are usually given when your child is about 13 months old. A second is usually given before your child starts school. Adults and 6-13 month old children can also have the MMR vaccine if they are at risk of catching measles, if there is an outbreak of measles in your local area, or if you have been in close contact with someone who has measles. 6.3: There are parents who decide against having their children immunised, for a variety of reasons. For example some cultures or religions do not like or believe in having immunisations. Most go against immunisation because of a published document by a Dr Wakefield, claiming that the MMR vaccine is linked to Autism. Even though Dr Wakefield’s study were found to be faked, some parents still don’t want their children to receive the MMR vaccine. Unit 1.3 Y/505/9283 Support physical care routines for children 7.1: Supporting children in physical care routines in relation to toileting, would be to have potties and toilet seats. To encourage children to use the toilet and to wash, dry and flush after toilet use. Have posters or pictures cards of actions which the children could follow,(like 1,2,3 steps Wipe,Flush,Wash,Dry etc.) on the walls or cubicle doors. In relation to washing, all children are encouraged to wash and dry their hands after toilet use, before meals/snack times and after doing certain activities (painting, sticking etc). Mealtime children are encouraged to get their own plates, cups etc, to have their hands washed and an apron on. They are also encouraged to feed themselves with the use of cutlery (if of appropriate age). Unit 1.3 question answers, 1.1, 1.2 and 5.1 also relate to the above. Unit 2.1 K/505/9286 An introduction to the role of the early years practitioner 2.1: People communicate to express needs, emotions and to share ideas. They also communicate to express feelings and to socialise. You also need to communicate to share experiences and to ask questions or to complain about things. Communication is also good for helping others to understand things. People communicate to establish and maintain relationships with others. Communication also helps with receiving and giving instructions and for getting information. It helps to share opinions and give encouragement. There are different ways of communicating either orally, hand signing or even written. Looking at body language is also a use of communication. 2.2: Communication is essential for carer to meet the needs of each individual child and their families. Communicating clearly and openly with other members of staff, the manager so as to make sure that the best possible care is provided and that this is done so reliably. This will help build your relationship and trust with colleagues and develop your role and theirs within the workplace. It ensures any health and safety or any other issues are recognised and reported accordingly, keeping others informed of current situations. It is also vital so parents and agencies/professionals, can inform or instruct their needs and issues with the carer or establishment of a child. Communication between a practitioner and child, is essential to build the childs confidence and helps promote good behaviour. Being a positive role model in the setting is vital to bond relationships to interact with others, helping the child to settle better and have an effective developments in all areas. Having good communication with parents also helps build a successful relationship with their child which then helps parents begin to have confidence and trust in us, that we can take care of their child. It is very important to have good communication with other agencies like Social Workers, Speech and Language/Therapist or other professionals who are involved in providing and  dealing with all childrens needs, to work together as part of a team, with consistency in their work. This helps by each individual knowing where they stand and where they need to progress further in helping to meet the needs of each child and their families.